As a side effect of Volkswagen’s attempt to obscure emissions using defeat devices, European carmakers are expected to increase the size of their engines in order to meet carbon dioxide emissions standards.

According to a report from E&T, General Motors, Volkswagen, and Renault plan to discontinue some of their small car engines and enlarge others in order to meet new emissions standards. Smaller motors (two-cylinders or three-cylinder motors under one liter) were used in lab emissions tests. Adding turbochargers gave the cars the power that consumers demanded.

The lab tests showed that the smaller motors passed European Union emissions tests, but the conditions under which they were tested were not realistic, reflecting the controlled temperatures and speeds demonstrated in the lab. Those turbochargers aren’t a non-issue, either: they generate heat that sends NOx emissions soaring in diesels and emits particulates and carbon monoxide from gasoline engines.

E&T reports that GM’s next diesel engine will be 25 to 30 percent bigger than its current model when the next generation of engines begins to be rolled out in 2019. VW will replace their 1.4 liter three-cylinder diesel with a four-cylinder, 1.6 liter version.

The changes come in response to new, more realistic on-road testing by 2019, with a global test standard for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions following in 2021.

“The techniques we’ve used to reduce engine capacities will no longer allow us to meet emissions standards,” said Alain Raposo, director of the Alliance Power Train Planning Office at Renault. “We’re reaching the limits of downsizing.”