In 2019, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a draft pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) test procedure. When, the results of testing conducted in 2022 on 12 light vehicles were published in 2023 (2022 Light Vehicle Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking Test Summary, March 2023), one conclusion was: No vehicles […]
Automotive/Transportation
What are ZIF and LIF connectors and where are they used?
How low contact resistance is achieved can be a key differentiator between zero insertion force (ZIF) and low insertion force (LIF) connectors. Many LIF connectors have a low contact resistance of about 30 mΩ when mated without needing a locking mechanism. ZIF connectors generally require a locking mechanism to achieve low contact resistance and a […]
What’s the difference between IEC 61508 and 61511 and ISO 26262 and 13849 functional safety standards?
There are numerous functional safety standards. Most are based on IEC 61508, the foundational safety integrity level (SIL) standard. IEC 61511 is the SIL standard for the process industry. ISO 26262 is applicable to safety in automotive systems. ISO 13849 is a safety standard that applies to parts of machinery control systems that provide safety […]
How to test the automotive SENT protocol
Oscilloscopes and dedicated software can help analyze SENT data. In “What is the automotive SENT protocol?” we looked at the Single Edge Nibble Transmission (SENT) protocol, as defined in accordance with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J2716 standard. We reviewed the SENT message frame, which includes a synchronization/calibration pulse followed by a status nibble, […]
What’s the difference between object- and channel-based audio?
Immersive audio uses various channel- and object-based techniques to deliver a high-quality listening experience. There are three general categories of spatial audio: channel-based audio (CBA), object-based audio (OBA), and scene-based audio (SBA) — that’s the next generation of OBA. CBA is the simplest form of spatial audio, but it’s not immersive. The basic form of […]
Ultra-wideband antennas meet unique spectrum needs
Ultra-wideband RF applications need specialized antennas to support their unusual spectrum and bandwidth characteristics. Ultra-wideband is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless technology that offers precise positioning and tracking as well as highly secure communications. It can provide accurate distance measurements in real-time without interfering with conventional narrowband and carrier wave transmissions in the same frequency bands.…
Hardware-based RoT enables auto devices to meet automotive functional safety standard
Intrinsic ID released QuiddiKey 400, a hardware-based root-of-trust (RoT) solution for semiconductors in the automotive market that must meet stringent functional safety standards. QuiddiKey 400 has been developed following an ISO 26262 functional-safety-compliant flow and meets the ISO 26262 Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) B fault metric and ASIL D for systematics failures. It leverages […]
How does MISRA fit into automotive and industrial systems?
MISRA is a set of C and C++ coding standards developed by the Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA). Today it’s being maintained and expanded by the MISRA Consortium. MISRA has grown into a standard for embedded industries as well as automotive systems. For example, ISO 26262 Functional Safety – Road Vehicles cites MISRA C […]
New lithium-Ion battery with cobalt-free 5V class high-potential cathode
Toshiba Corporation has developed a new lithium-ion battery using a cobalt-free 5V-class high-potential cathode material that significantly suppresses performance-degrading gases produced as side reactions. This battery can operate in a wide range of applications, from power tools to electric vehicles. Cobalt and nickel are widely used to stabilize the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries. However, cobalt…
What does a digital twin mean for a BMS?
A digital twin (DT) generally refers to a digital representation of a physical object, system, or process. The idea of creating a DT is to replicate a real-time model of a physical entity. While trying to make a real-time model, the various aspects of the physical entity, such as properties, behavior, and status, are considered. […]