The cost and the physics of fitting more transistors in the space available are showing diminishing returns. The concept of “known good die” is much more difficult to quantify. For all the talk in the semiconductor industry about trying to reach 1.8 nm process nodes, advanced packaging and its impact on performance seems to be […]
FAQ
What is electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)?
EVSEs provide power to charge EV batteries at Level 1 and Level 2 voltage ratings. Electric vehicle (EV) owners rely on electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to charge their batteries efficiently. Often referred to as charging stations or docks, EVSEs provide a reliable and safe connection between EVs, the electric grid, and other energy sources. […]
What is a lithium battery digital passport?
Introduction A digital battery passport provides easy access to structured, reliable, and complete information about the battery. This fresh initiative in the US lithium battery landscape aims to simplify consumers’ choice and use of batteries. The US government agencies are working on battery passport requirements, centralizing battery specifications and pertinent details, making it user-friendly for…
How do I choose an electric motor, and how do I test it? Part 3
Motors follow the path of less reluctance to rotate. Thus, you need timing of applied power to get them moving. Part 1 and Part 2 of this FAQ looked at brushed and brushless DC motors, permanent-magnet and wound-rotor synchronous motors, and induction motors. These motors all have drawbacks, including mechanical wear of commutators, slip rings […]
How does 4D-PAM5 work in Gigabit Ethernet?
Networks using 10 GbE rely on more sophisticated modulation and coding techniques than networks needed at lower data rates. 4D-PAM5 (four-dimensional five-level pulse amplitude modulation) are the encoding and modulation techniques used in Gigabit Ethernet (GbE). 4D-PAM5 replaced the multilevel transmit MLT-3 encoding and modulation used for 100BASE-TX. IEEE 1000BASE-T (GbE) uses a combination of…
What’s the difference between an Ethernet extender and a media converter?
Extend the reach of Ethernet by converting the signals to different electrical or optical signals. Ethernet extenders and media converters can both be used to expand network coverage. Extenders operate over unshielded twisted pair (UTP) or coaxial cabling, while media converters change the signals from electrical to optical and back. Extenders and media converters can…
Supervisory ICs tame power-up glitch headaches, Part 2
Power-on glitches and system malfunctions are a special challenge as rail voltages drop, but the right ICs can eliminate the problem. This glitch scenario outlined in the first part of this article becomes a major concern with the trend of low-power devices operating at lower voltages. Consider systems with three logic levels of 3.3 V, […]
How to use RF current probes for EMI: Part 2
In Part 2, you will learn how to use an RF current probe to calculate E-fields and troubleshoot EMI emissions from cables. Free and low-cost software tools let you customize the calculations based on your current probe’s data. As I mentioned in Part 1, RF current probes are one of my most useful troubleshooting tools. […]
Supervisory ICs tame power-up glitch headaches, Part 1
Power-on glitches and system malfunctions are a special challenge as rail voltages drop, but the right ICs eliminate the problem. Experienced engineers know that one of the riskiest times for a system is when power is applied. Depending on time constants and how smoothly and quickly the power rail comes up to nominal, the different […]
Where are liquid-cooled industrial connectors used?
Liquid-cooled connectors are used in high-current, high-power industrial applications like electrochemical processes, welding, induction furnaces, electric arc furnaces, electrothermic processes, and electromagnets. This FAQ looks at various liquid-cooled cable and connector structures for carrying up to 60 kA. Two keys to optimizing the performance of liquid-cooled connectors and cables are minimizing the resistance in the […]
