Position encoders are widely used in motion control applications and many different types are available. To choose the optimum device for a given application, engineers must decide between absolute, incremental or commutation encoders, which present data in various formats such as quadrature, motor-pole or a serial protocol. The resolution required, as well as dimensions and […]
Safety guidelines for hipot testing and setting up a safe testing area
A few simple steps ensure testing takes place safely when potentially lethal voltages and currents are involved in the testing process. . Kevin Clark, Vitrek Inc. Hipot testing has long been a standard procedure for assuring the electrical safety compliance of electronic equipment. Early commercial hipot testers were actually not much more than a variac-driven […]
Power Management ICs, part 1: PMIC functions
The power management IC (PMIC) is often a vital part of the lower-voltage DC subsystem, as circuits have multiple power rails with tight individual specifications as well as mandated relationships among them. It’s one thing to develop needed low-voltage DC rails via DC/DC converters or regulators, but there’s also a need to manage these power […]
Wheatstone bridge, Part 1: Principles and basic applications
Although the electronics industry is relentlessly driven by advances in materials, components, and architectures, the “new” obviously also builds on the “old” and often still uses it, albeit in new guises. There’s still a viable place and need for old devices such as the transformer, solenoid, relay, and Wheatstone bridge. This FAQ will look at […]
How long can a battery really last?
It pays to know how a testing regime can reveal whether specific types of lithium batteries will last as long as an application demands. SOL JACOBS, TADIRAN BATTERIES DESIGNERS MUST UNDERSTAND how their end device will consume power before they can choose a battery. Will the battery be depleted in a matter of hours, as […]
Optimizing the energy efficiency of converters and controllers
Here’s how to evaluate efficiencies associated with components that make up widely used power conversion circuitry. FRANK DE STASI, MATHEW JACOB, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC. IN SOME WAYS, selecting a module, converter or controller for power conversion resembles deciding whether to take a flight, board a train, or drive from point A to B. Once you’ve […]
Blood oxygen meters, Part 2: IC implementations
It is now trivial and non-invasive to measure blood-oxygen saturation SpO2, thanks to LEDs, algorithms, and ICs for pulse oximetry — it’s a very long way from having to draw blood and send it out for assessment. Part 1 of this FAQ discussed the principle of the non-invasive, light-based pulse-oximetry systems for reading blood-oxygen saturation […]
Understanding and testing asynchronous logic
Traditionally, computer and instrumentation engineers work with synchronous logic, where a global clock circuit imposes a timing structure to which all circuits down to the components level adhere. In synchronous logic, an autonomous oscillator outputs a square wave that never varies in frequency or amplitude. At the rising edge (sometimes falling edge) a potentially vast […]
Blood oxygen meters, Part 1: Background and principles
It is now trivial and non-invasive to measure blood-oxygen saturation SpO2, thanks to LEDs, algorithms, and ICs for pulse oximetry — and it’s a very long way from having to draw blood and send it out for assessment. Just a few decades ago, determining the vital medical parameter known as blood oxygen level — formally […]
When should you use sealed connectors?
Any time a connector needs to be protected from the environment where it operates, you should consider choosing one of two types of sealed connectors. The two types of sealing available include hermetic sealing, where the contacts are sealed against air and gases; and environmental seals, such as those with an IP or ingress protection […]
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