Basic passive microwave components have a vital role in RF/microwave system design. Despite the apparent simplicity of their functions, their performance is based on electromagnetic theory and Maxwell’s equations for insight into their operating principles and performance. Design for the demands of microwave signals is a very different situation than working at lower frequencies. Although […]
Inertial Measurement Units: The hidden key to Apollo success, now a MEMS device (Part 2)
Part 1 of this article looked at the classic, highly refined, mature gyroscope-based IMU used for the Apollo moon mission; this part looks at the very different technologies which have largely replaced it. Gyro-based IMU: obsolete, or not? Inertial navigation relies on a stable platform with an orientation which is fixed in space and maintains […]
Inertial Measurement Units: The hidden key to Apollo success, now a MEMS device (Part 1)
Transforming the gyroscope from a child’s toy to a precise guidance system for the Apollo moon landings demanded the ultimate in analytical, engineering, and manufacturing effort: now, MEMS-based units have largely replaced these gyro-based systems. With the 50th anniversary of the Apollo manned lunar landing on July 16, 1969, 9:32 AM GMT-4, there have been […]
Charging electric vehicles, Part 2: The connections
Part 1 introduced some of the issues related to charging of electric vehicles. Part 2 continues with a look at the hardware (which also involves software, of course). Q: What about the electrical and physical connections? A: There are three connection situations, called “cases”: Case A has the charger connected to the AC mains, and […]
RF Switches, Part 2: Analog and MEMS switches
Part 1 of this FAQ looked at the venerable electromechanical RF switch – still widely used in some applications, where it is the only viable option – and use of PIN diodes as RF switches. This part looks at analog and MEMS-based switches. Q: What is an analog switch? A: It’s conceptually straightforward: in basic […]
RF switches, Part 1: Mechanical and PIN-diode switches
There’s a ubiquitous and increasing need to switch RF signals ranging into the tens of GHz; four basic switch technologies – electromechanical, PIN diode, analog, and MEMS – are available, each with different features and capabilities. The need to switch RF signals has been a necessary design function since the earliest days of “wireless.” This […]
Charging electric vehicles, Part 1: The numbers
It’s nice to envision that recharging an electric vehicle is as straightforward as filling up an internal combustion vehicle, but it’s not: there are multiple charging, power, and connector options as well as limitations. You’re driving your internal-combustion (IC) car, and the gauge indicates it’s time to get “gas” (of course, it’s actually gasoline). So […]
The electromagnetic rail aircraft launch system, Pt 2: Implementation and issues
Part 1 of this FAQ explored the basics of the EMALS “railgun” technology being implemented for launching aircraft from carriers; this part details the actual installation on a carrier. Q: What are the various subsystems the EMAL system? A: The overall design has six major functional blocks, (Figure 1). The Prime Power Interface, which is […]
The electromagnetic rail aircraft launch system, Pt 1: Objectives and principles
The traditional and battle-tested steam-powered catapult used to launch aircraft from carriers is being replaced by a powerful, electromagnetic-based, closed-loop linear-motor system — maybe. For over seven decades, the steam-powered catapult has been the standard mechanism for launching airplanes from the decks of aircraft carriers, with an associated cable-tensioned brake used for arresting them on […]
GaN power devices, Part 2: Application
Part 1 of this FAQ explored the basics of GaN switching transistors at the device and physics level. This part will look at driving and applying GaN devices. Q: What do I need to know to use a GaN device? A: There are three functional blocks associated with power switching: the power-device driver, the power […]
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