Electrical power moves through a conductor when opposing dc or ac voltages are applied at opposite ends. Charge carriers — free electrons or electron holes in semiconductors, ions in electrolytes – migrate toward the opposite poles. Metals, with abundant free electrons, have high conductivity. All conductors are partial insulators and all insulators are, to some […]
Microcontroller power source considerations for Arduino
Powering an Arduino has a little magic to it. It wasn’t obvious to me when I first started working with them, but Arduinos have on-board regulation. Taking advantage of this allows for longer power supply wiring runs by using a higher voltage power supply than the nominal 5V or 3.3V needed by the microcontroller (MCU) […]
2019 and the year of 5G: What and why
By Leonie Clayson, DesignSpark Community Manager, RS Components After many years of expectation, 5G has arrived. In the USA, both Verizon and AT&T launched targeted services at the end of 2018, closely followed by the three major operators in South Korea. In the rest of the world, launch plans vary between 2019 and 2020, but […]
Soldering tips for newbies
The traditional, older type of solder is a mixture of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn). This type of (60/40 – Pb/Sn) solder melts at 200°C and is typically made up of 60 percent tin and 40 percent lead. However, lead-free solder is desirable today, in terms of avoiding a toxic environment. Lead-free solder is a […]
Digital caliper, Pt 1: Background and predecessors
Use of electronics and capacitive-based position sensing have transformed the caliper, a fundamental and essential instrument of precision linear-dimension measurement. Making precise measurements across small distances of up to several inches or tens of centimeters is an obvious and fundamental requirement of modern metrology, research, and mass production. But how can that be done accurately, […]
Cybersecurity basics: Authentication and “key” management in LoRaWAN, Part 2
In part 1, we described the process of providing end-to-end security and some of the challenges in achieving network security. In this installment, we will go over how authentication work to achieve end-to-end network security between the end devices and the application servers. Device authentication and key management Each LoRaWAN device is given a unique 128-bit […]
Designing with reed switches: What you need to know
The chief benefit of reed switches is that they draw zero power when they’re closed. Here are the basics of employing these versatile components. Contributed by Standex Electronics, www.standexelectronics.com It’s easy to see why reed sensors and relays are good options for circuits that put a premium on energy efficiency. Normally closed (Form B) reed […]
Cybersecurity basics: Server and end device relationship to LoRaWAN network, Part 1
Providing end-to-end security is the ultimate security goal of every wireless network. Each reported successful cyberattack serves as a reminder that achieving security is easier said than done. Let’s first examine the process. Most of us know about using strong passwords and encryption. The most vulnerable security component is key management during device activation and […]
A comparison of MEMS and electret condenser microphones
By Bruce Rose, Principal Applications Engineer, CUI Inc Many of today’s smart devices such as home digital assistants and IoT sensors are required to “hear” their environment. There is a growing demand for microphones that are not only highly miniaturized, but also robust, easy to design-in, and resistant to nearby acoustic or electrical noise. Fortunately, […]
Cathode ray tube vs. flat screen displays in oscilloscopes
Prior to the digital revolution in electronic instrumentation, oscilloscopes displayed waveforms on cathode ray tube screens. Modern digital oscilloscopes universally have flat screens. The flat screen is light, thin, consumes far less energy, and is less expensive to manufacture. All agree that it is a great improvement. The one advantage of CRT technology is that […]
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