When the subject is RF design, the word “power” dominates much of the discussion. This FAQ looks at some perspectives related to measurement of this vital RF parameter. Not only is power and measuring it among the most important RF design considerations, it is generally difficult to assess accurately, and it is getting harder […]
Load lines, Part 1: The basic transistor DC load line
There are concepts and terms in basic analog circuits which may not be familiar to designers who work primarily with digital circuits. Yet digital circuits are really specialized versions of analog ones, so these “old” analog principles play a large although somewhat invisible role. Part 1 of this FAQ discusses DC load-line basics, while Part […]
Understanding sampling modes in digital oscilloscopes
In a digital oscilloscope, the analog signal at the input, after attenuation/amplification and preliminary filtering such as for ac coupling, goes to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Each channel has a separate ADC, each with an external clock. Analog-to-digital conversion takes place by means of sampling. The samples are taken at specific rates and the amplitude […]
How to create energy-efficient IIoT sensor nodes
by Noel O’Riordan and Tommy Mullane, S3 Semiconductors When you’re designing sensor node devices destined for the industrial internet of things (IIoT), chances are they need to be battery-powered. And given the number of these expected to be deployed, and their often-remote locations, changing or charging a battery frequently isn’t an option. Your device, therefore, needs […]
Tips for designing a micro speaker enclosure
Miniature speakers allow engineers to equip various product designs with audio functionality, even where space limitations are a factor. In simple products like industrial or medical equipment, sound quality may not be expected, although ensuring adequate volume and clarity can be very important. Paying attention to some basic design practices, such as sealing enclosure gaps, […]
Understanding DDR SDRAM
DDR SDRAM is a stack of acronyms. Double Data Rate (DDR) Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM) is a common type of memory used as RAM for most every modern processor. First on the scene of this stack of acronyms was Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM), introduced in the 1970s. DRAM is not regulated by a […]
Working with bus analyzers
Protocol or bus analyzers (sometimes dubbed packet sniffers) are tools that intercept network traffic, store it, and then decode it for presentation in a human-readable state. Bus analyzers all have the same basic operating principle. They copy all network traffic out to a buffer or file. A lot of oscilloscopes include bus analyzer features. The […]
The basics of bus analyzers
Like a logic analyzer, a bus analyzer is capable of monitoring and capturing bus communication data. Both instruments decode, analyze and display that information. There are, however, significant differences. While a logic analyzer can display data from any of a large number of buses, an individual bus analyzer is built to work with only a […]
Why NVMe SSDs are faster than SATA SSDs
NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) is an interface protocol built especially for Solid State Drives (SSDs). NVMe works with PCI Express (PCIe) to transfer data to and from SSDs. NVMe enables rapid storage in computer SSDs and is an improvement over older Hard Disk Drive (HDD) related interfaces such as SATA and SAS. The only reason […]
What advanced sensing techniques are used to find lost treasures? Part 4: Resistivity measurements
This series has previously addressed magnetometry, electromagnetic induction and ground penetrating radar. Another sensing technique frequently used by archeologists and treasure hunters to find objects involves resistivity measurements. Unlike other sensing techniques, resistance measurements involve inserting metal probes into the ground rather than non-invasive surface measurements. Since electrical currents are conducted through the soil by […]
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