Power over Ethernet (PoE), a networking feature defined by the IEEE 802.3af and 802.3at standards, enables Ethernet cables to supply power and data simultaneously to network devices over an existing data connection. Approved on September 27, 2018 by the IEEE-SA Standards Board, the IEEE 802.3bt standard lets significantly more power to be passed over the…
Understanding noise in electronic instrumentation
In measuring or displaying weak signals, noise places the ultimate limit on detectability. It usually appears as a fluctuating horizontal line known as the noise floor in a spectrum analyzer of oscilloscope in FFT or RF mode. In the time domain, it appears as a thickening of the trace and in severe instances, causes a […]
5G’s current state: What you need to know
Ed. Note: All material in this article taken from the author’s report “5G: What Are the Real Status and Real Economics?” published by IGI Group. 5G Technology World interviewed Holliday for an upcoming article. We read a great deal about 5G in the local papers and hear about it almost every night on TV news.…
Where is embedded security headed in the IoT?
If you consider how much digital security has evolved in recent years, it is quite astonishing. Our mindset and social acceptance of what is “secure” has changed dramatically over time. For example, before the adoption of ATMs for personal cash withdrawals, the only place you trusted to […]
Get ready for SiC-GaN combo power transistors
Researchers in Sweden have come up with a way of putting gallium-nitride transistor structures on a silicon-carbide substrate that potentially lowers the ON resistance of power FETs by an order of magnitude below that of commercial devices available now. The scientists hail from Sweden’s Linköping University and SweGaN, a spin-off company from materials science research […]
Electric locomotives and catenary power systems – Part 4: maintenance and corona
The high-speed all-electric railroad locomotive uses a catenary-wire system and pantograph power-transfer arrangement, which appears to violate good engineering practice and should not work. Still, it does, transferring hundreds of amps via a contact point moving at over 100 miles/hour. Part 3 looked at the pantograph and catenary power system in more detail. This part […]
Electric locomotives and catenary power systems – Part 3: power delivery
The high-speed all-electric railroad locomotive uses a catenary-wire system and pantograph power-transfer arrangement, which appears to violate good engineering practice and should not work. Still, it does, transferring hundreds of amps via a contact point moving at over 100 miles/hour. Part 2 of this article looked at power issues and numbers related to the […]
Embedded basics Part 1: IEC 61508 functional safety for MCUs
Functional safety is becoming one of the most important features in embedded systems, especially in the automotive and industrial markets, where safety and reliability are critical design attributes. It encompasses the development of a Safety Integrity Level (SIL) according to IEC 61508 functional safety standard for the general industry and an Automotive Safety Integrity Level […]
Electric locomotives and catenary power systems – Part 2: power needs
The high-speed all-electric railroad locomotive uses a catenary-wire system and pantograph power-transfer arrangement, which appears to violate good engineering practice and should not work. Still, it does, transferring hundreds of amps via a contact point moving at over 100 miles/hour. Part 1 looked at the basics of diesel-electric versus all-electric locomotives. This part looks at […]
Electric locomotives and catenary power systems – Part 1: basic functions
The high-speed all-electric railroad locomotive uses a catenary-wire system and pantograph power-transfer arrangement, which appears to violate good engineering practice and should not work. Still, it does, transferring hundreds of amps via a contact point moving at over 100 miles/hour.: There are four ways to power a railroad locomotive: via a steam engine (with a […]
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