We now take as a “given” the ability to know where we are and where we are going, and do both with accuracy and precision (and with simplicity and low cost, but these are relatively recent developments. Prior to the availability of inertial measurement systems based on gyroscopes and accelerometers, navigation was a time-consuming, difficult, […]
Network topologies, Part 2: Advanced interconnections
Part 1 of this FAQ started out with conceptually simple, widely used, and indispensable point-to-point and bus topologies often implemented using RS-232, RS-485, and Ethernet standards. These basic topologies are suitable in many situations but are inadequate as the number of nodes increases, or as other performance issues become priorities. Part 2 looks at other […]
Voice-coil actuators, Part 1: Principle basics
When designers need a modest amount of motion and power, they naturally think of a motor. That makes sense since there’s often a brushed, brushless, or stepper motor that can meet the objectives, sometimes with some necessary add-on gearing. Or they may think of a solenoid for impact-type linear motion. This FAQ looks at another […]
Network topologies, Part 1: Basic interconnections
A network can be a simple and direct as a connection between just two points (nodes), or it can incorporate tens, hundreds, thousands and even more nodes. How these nodes are connected, how the network functions under ideal and stressed situations and traffic levels, and the key attributes of each network configuration is largely defined […]
Programming automation using NFC tags
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a wireless communication technology that acts over short distances for two-way communication. The use of NFC tags is growing in several markets, including the medical, consumer, retail, industrial, automotive, and smart grid markets. NFC is a type of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. When two NFC enabled devices are very close […]
What are MRAMs?
MRAM, Magneto-Resistive Random Access Memory, is a type of non-volatile memory (NVM) capable of holding saved data even if the power is down or the power is accidentally cut off. MRAM — also called Magnetic RAM — is not new. It has been in the market for more than two decades, but there have been several […]
Microwave/Millimeter Wave interconnects, Part 2: Connectors and cable assemblies
Part 1 of this FAQ look at the coaxial cables used in microwave/millimeter wave interconnects and cable assemblies. But a cable alone is only half a solution; the cable must be terminated with connectors. Often, the completed cable/interconnect assembly is also called a cable, but this is generally not an ambiguous situation (but it may […]
Wireless charging, Part 2: Implementation
Part 1 of this FAQ looked at the overall context of wireless charging of personal devices. This part looks in more detail at the approaches to wireless charging and the implementation specifics. Q: What approaches are available for wireless charging? A: There are three basic topologies: single-coil inductive, multi-coil inductive, and resonant. Q: What are […]
Built-in analog-to-digital converters
There are sensors for a plethora of smart applications that can measure a wide range of parameters (e.g., temperature, light, acceleration, pressure, proximity, etc.). The real world data is analog. Therefore sensors typically provide analog data in the form of voltage (e.g., 0V-5V) and most of the time this data is later transformed into digital […]
Wireless charging, Part 1: Context
Wireless charging of devices is a hot and growing area. This FAQ explores the rationale and options for implementing this form of energy transfer, storage, and charging. Q: What is wireless charging? A: It consists of two functions which are closely linked. The first is the transmission of electricals power wirelessly from a transmitting source […]
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