The much-awaited next generation of PCIe makes it important to understand bit error-rate measurements. Hiroshi Goto, Anritsu Co. PCI Express (PCIe) 6.0 is being developed to meet the high-speed data transmission needs of emerging applications, particularly data centers supporting 5G. It features a doubling of data rates and other enhanced performance specs but at a […]
FAQ
The many measurements of power quality
There’s a confusing variety of ways to quantify power consumption. Make sure you understand what your favorite power metric means. To most engineers, the concept of power quality pertains to characteristics of the ac line feeding grid energy to equipment in a facility. But variations of the “power quality” term now can refer not just […]
What is the ideal Ethernet choice for automotive applications?
Ethernet is gaining popularity in several automotive applications. It can handle high data rates with lower latency and lesser weight than controller area network (CAN) and local interconnect network (LIN) buses. However, conventional Ethernet developed for information technology (IT) infrastructure applications is too sensitive to interference and too noisy for most automotive applications. In this […]
What is the FlexRay communications network?
FlexRay is an ISO-standardized, deterministic, fault-tolerant, high-speed communications bus with applications in steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, brake-by-wire, adaptive cruise control, active suspension, and other safety and drivetrain control systems. This FAQ offers a top-level comparison of FlexRay with the controller area network (CAN) and local interconnect network (LIN) buses, details the FlexRay communications cycle, and reviews FlexRay […]
Why connector return loss causes signal problems
Return loss can affect insertion loss, the amount of energy that reaches a receiver.
What is the local interconnect network (LIN) bus?
The local interconnect network (LIN) bus is a single-wire bus (using the chassis ground) that enables the inexpensive integration of sensors and actuators in automobile networks. It can be used to create small subnets and can communicate over a power distribution system with a DC-LIN transceiver. This FAQ reviews the basics of LIN networks, details […]
Have you considered resistance soldering? Part 2
Resistance soldering is an alternative to conventional “pencil” soldering iron, which offers unique capabilities. Resistance soldering is an easy-to-use alternative soldering technique that’s been available for decades and offers many benefits, although it cannot always be used when soldering is required. It leverages the well-known principle of electrical self-heating (I2R dissipation) to create a localized […]
What are six key considerations when choosing a Li-on battery chemistry?
Designers have choices and tradeoffs when choosing the ideal Li-ion battery chemistry. Batteries affect the cost, lifetime, and usefulness of an application. An optimal energy storage system is critical to ensure the life and performance of an application, so it’s essential to start with the best battery chemistry for the job. This FAQ reviews six…
Finding the correct LiDAR application
The automotive ADAS designers tout the up-and-coming LiDAR detection technology, coupled with mmWave radar and the camera, to support autonomous vehicle design further. But this is not the complete LiDAR story. Let’s see what happens when engineers get this new toy. This technology, combined with GPS, is finding a home in agriculture, astronomy, oceanography, cameras, […]
How fast can Li-on batteries be charged?
The speed at which a battery can be recharged is measured using the ‘C-rate,’ where ‘C’ is the battery’s capacity in mA or A. At a 1 C rate, a battery can be completely recharged in one hour. The speed of charge primarily depends on the voltage. For example: For small batteries used in portable…